We use metals in construction, domestic appliances, vehicles, and many other everyday products. It really can be said that metals have built the modern world. To fine-tune the desired properties of ...

The major factors affecting the performance of crystalline thin films are the presence of grain boundaries and inherent crystal structure. Post-deposition annealing is frequently employed to improve ...

If you enjoyed this article, I’d like to ask for your support. Scientific American has served as an advocate for science and industry for 180 years, and right now may be the most critical moment in ...